Is the one in which symbols and logic constitute the model. The symbolism used can be a language or a mathematical notation. A verbal or written description in english is an abstract model.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom A mathematical model is described in the "language" of mathematical symbols and is an abstract model. A simulation model is built in terms of logic and mathematical equations and is an abstract model.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

An agent is represented by attributes, behavioral rules, memory, resources, decision making rules, and rules to modify behavioral rules. An agent is similar to an object in object-oriented M&S.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom agent-based M&S is typically used in disciplines such as biological sciences, cognitive sciences, computational sciences, economics, organizational sciences, physical sciences, social sciences, and sociology.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Is a kind of simulation that involves a model intended to represent human intelligence or knowledge. An AI-based simulation model typically mimics human intelligence such as reasoning, learning, perception, planning, language comprehension, problem-solving, and decision making.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom rule-based knowledge representation is commonly used for building AI-based simulation models. An expert system is also a kind of simulation of some knowledge, typically constructed using rule-based knowledge representation.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom artificial intelligence is typically used in disciplines such as cognitive science, computer science, engineering, language translation, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, game playing, and robotics.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

In the object-oriented paradigm: A class is a grouping or categorization of objects with the same characteristics, services, and behaviors. A class may be extended into other classes.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom extending a class is called subclassing and an extended class is called a subclass. A subclass inherits all the characteristics, services, and behaviors of the parent class.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom it customizes what it inherits and/or provides more characteristics, services, or behaviors. The parent of a subclass is called the superclass.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom the top class having no superclass is called the root class.

Is the one which uses a model consisting of differential equations and the simulation time is represented as a continuous variable.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom continuous M&S is typically used in disciplines such as aerospace engineering, computational fluid dynamics, computational solid mechanics, computational engineering, computational physics, materials science and engineering, and heat transfer.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

This type of M&S is commonly referred to as discrete event simulation. The "event" in the name comes from the traditional use of the event scheduling simulation programming approach.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom however, other approaches exist based on activity, process, object, and agent. Therefore, the term "event" should be dropped from the name so as to include all possible programming approaches.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Is the one which uses humans as part of its model. It is typically intended to train people. For example: management games are performed to train managers for a business.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom war gaming is performed to train military commanders. The gaming known as video games are simulations that are intended for entertainment, educational or training purposes.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom gaming-based M&S is typically used in disciplines such as business, education, management, and training.

Can be viewed as simulation-based hardware evaluation.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom A hardware system can be operated under simulated input conditions for the purpose of evaluating how well the hardware functions under such input conditions.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom for example, a space vehicle can be operated under simulated input conditions for the purpose of evaluating the vehicle’s autopilot mode. Hardware-in-the-loop M&S is a cost-effective method for evaluating a complex, mission-critical hardware before it is used in the real world.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

High level architecture (HLA) is a general purpose architecture that facilitates interoperability among network-centric simulations and enables reuse of simulations and their components.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom HLA-compliant simulations running on different hardware platforms can interoperate with each other over a network. Interoperability among the network-centric simulations is enabled by a runtime infrastructure (RTI).Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Is also called simulation-based training. A simulation model of a system, e.G., airplane, air traffic control center, emergency management plan, or military operation is developed for the purpose of training people.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom trainees interact with the visual simulation model for the purpose of learning, e.G., how to fly an airplane (using the flight simulator), how to control air traffic at an airport, how to manage an emergency in response to a disaster, or how to make military decisions.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom human-in-the-loop M&S can also be used as a cost-effective method for evaluating human performance and behavior for a proposed system design.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

In the object-oriented paradigm: when an object is declared as member of a class, it inherits the characteristics (instance variables) and behaviors (instance methods) of that class as well as the characteristics and behaviors of that class’s superclass, and any ancestral classes, tracing back to the root class.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom inheritance significantly facilitates reusability of earlier developed classes and decreases simulation model development time.

Are called informal because the tools and approaches used rely heavily on human reasoning and subjectivity without stringent mathematical formalism.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom the “informal” label does not imply any lack of structure or formal guidelines for the use of the techniques. In fact, these techniques are applied using well structured approaches under formal guidelines and they can be very effective especially during the early stages of the M&S life cycle.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

In the object-oriented paradigm: creation of an object belonging to a class is called instantiation. The new object inherits all characteristics (instance variables) and behaviors (instance methods) specified in the class from which it is instantiated.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom instance variables of a class are created for each object instantiated as a member of that class. Instance methods are inherited, but no method code is replicated.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

The M&S life cycle represents a framework for organization of the processes, work products, quality assurance activities, and project management activities required to develop, use, maintain, and reuse an M&S application from birth to retirement, and is created to modularize and structure an M&S application development and to provide guidance to an M&S developer (engineer), manager, organization, and community of interest.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Instance methods, given in a class, are used to specify the services provided and behavior exhibited for each object instantiated from that class.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom each instance (i.E., instantiated object) created as belonging to a class provides the services and behavior specified in the instance methods of that class.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom the method code is specified only once in the class and is not replicated for each instantiation of an object from that class.

Is the one which uses a model built based on statistical random sampling.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom the model typically does not represent time-varying relationships. Monte carlo M&S is typically used in disciplines such as chemistry, computational engineering, financial probabilistic modeling, mathematics, nuclear engineering, (computational, nuclear, statistical) physics, and reliability engineering.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

In the object-oriented paradigm: an object is an entity which has a state and a defined set of operations which operate on that state. The state is represented as a set of object attributes.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom the operations associated with the object provide services to other objects (clients) which request these services when needed. Objects are created according to some object class definition.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom an object class definition serves as a template for objects. It includes declarations of all the attributes and services which should be associated with an object of that class.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Is a model which describes the behavior of a system with a value judgment on the “goodness” or “badness” of such behavior. A linear programming model, a mixed integer linear programming model and a nonlinear optimization model are examples of prescriptive models.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom when solved, these models provide a description of the solution as optimal, suboptimal, feasible, infeasible, etc.

Can be viewed as simulation-based software evaluation.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom A software system can be executed under simulated input conditions for the purpose of evaluating how well the software system functions under such input conditions.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom for example, the software used to display the common operating picture (COP) in a combat operation on a handheld computer can be executed under simulated input data (e.G., video, voice, images, text) received from many different sources for the purpose of evaluating how well the software satisfies its requirements.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom software-in-the-loop M&S is a cost-effective method for evaluating a complex, mission-critical software system before it is used in the real world.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Is the one which uses a model representing cause-and-effect relationships in terms of causal-loop diagrams, flow diagrams with levels and rates, and equations.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom the equations are used for simulating system behavior. System dynamics M&S is typically used in disciplines such as business, decision sciences, economics, management, organizational sciences, policy studies, social sciences, and system sciences.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Can be viewed as simulation-based technology evaluation. A technology (e.G., IP-based wireless network, unmanned aircraft system, a satellite communication system) can be tried, demonstrated or experimented with under simulated scenarios for role players (e.G., subject matter experts, operators, war fighters) to assess how well the proposed technology fulfills its objectives and desired quality characteristics such as interoperability.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom in this case, a given technology typically consists of hardware, software, and human operators. Technology-in-the-loop M&S is a cost-effective method for evaluating a potential technology to determine its readiness level and judge if it is ready for deployment for real-world use.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom technology-in-the-loop M&S can also be used as a cost-effective method for evaluating human performance and behavior for a proposed technology.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Is the degree to which the requirements related to a particular requirement can easily be found. Requirements should be specified in such a way that related requirements are cross-referenced.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom when it is necessary to change a requirement, those requirements affected by the changed requirement should be easily identified by using the cross-references.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

Is based on the subject matter expert (SME) knowledge about the system under study. The smes are presented with two sets of output data obtained, one from the model and one from the system, under the same input conditions.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom without identifying which one is which, the smes are asked to differentiate between the two. If they succeed, they are asked how they were able to do it.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom their response provides valuable feedback for correcting model representation. If they cannot differentiate, our confidence in model validity is increased.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom

The terms verification and validation (V&V) are consistently defined for whatever entity they are applied to. Let X be that entity such as model, simulation, software, data, or a life cycle artifact (work product) such as requirements specification, conceptual model, design specification, or executable submodel.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom then, V&V can be defined generically as follows:

Is the use of modeling and simulation to enable a person to interact with a three-dimensional visual representation of a real or imaginary system in an immersive, multi-sensory, and interactive manner.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom the user wears goggles, headsets, gloves, or body suits to interact with the simulation. The motion sensors pick up the user’s movements and adjust his or her view and action accordingly during the interaction, usually in real-time.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom virtual reality is typically used in disciplines such as architecture, computer-aided design and manufacturing, education, entertainment (movies, video games), human-computer interaction, medical science, real estate, and training.Cognitive learning theory examples in the classroom