FTD starts between the ages of 45–65 years and is seen equally in both genders [ 2, 3]. The average life expectancy from onset of the disease ranges from 6–9 years [ 2, 3].What is cognitive learning style FTD belongs to a group of heterogeneous diseases with different clinical and pathological findings [ 4]. FTD has three different subtypes including a behavioural variant, a semantic variant and a progressive, nonfluent aphasia [ 5].What is cognitive learning style in the behavioural variant, changes in eating habits [ 6], loss of empathy, behavioural disinhibition, loss of social awareness, inappropriate affect, apathy and stereotypical behaviours, can be seen [ 7].What is cognitive learning style brain imaging studies revealed—when the temporal region is affected—a significant decrease in emotional processing, disaffection in interpersonal relations, inappropriate social behaviours, jokes with sexual content, hypomanic-like behaviours and—when the frontal area is affected—apathy, reduction in social activity and tendency for criminal behaviours [ 8, 9].What is cognitive learning style in FTD, mood, behaviour and speech disorders are seen before the memory impairment; thus, clinically heterogeneous symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis with psychiatric disorders.What is cognitive learning style

A 63-year old, retired, male patient was admitted for psychiatric examination, accompanied by his wife, on her request. According to him, he had no complaints, but his wife informed that he had started doing things he had never done before, leading to major commotion in the family.What is cognitive learning style about two years ago, he molested a neighbour, a year ago a girl who visited them and finally 1.5 months ago, his niece when everybody was at home.What is cognitive learning style this situation had caused a crisis in the family. One year ago, he started making speeches and jokes with sexual contents, laughing inappropriately.What is cognitive learning style while not working for the last 4–5 years, he had become incapable of fulfilling his simple, daily responsibilities. There had been an increase in his speech volume.What is cognitive learning style he had begun to feel more physically active than he did before. He had started taking long walks and yelling in the street. Conversely, he had introverted periods during which he stayed at home, although he showed increased communication with women.What is cognitive learning style the patient’s appetite had increased and his eating habits had changed. He spent more money than he did before, especially shopping for groceries.What is cognitive learning style since about a year ago, he had become forgetful during his daily activities. He had forgotten to close the car windows and to turn off the car headlights and had started losing his belongings at home.What is cognitive learning style he showed a distinct poverty of speech. On some occasions, he became angry and violent for no particular reason.

He had no history of seizures, head trauma, medical and psychiatric diseases, alcohol intake and substance usage.What is cognitive learning style his sibling had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. As per his mental-state examination, he was conscious, cooperative and oriented. His appearance was in line with socio-cultural characteristics.What is cognitive learning style the amount and speed of speech was normal. His affect was ignorant; his thought content was poor and grandiose. He had no insight regarding his situation and no delusions or hallucinations.What is cognitive learning style he showed a decreased need for sleep, but an increased appetite and libido. His neurological examination was normal.

In his neurocognitive tests, impaired ability to sustain attention as well as frontal findings such as disinhibition, working memory and complex attention difficulties, were found.What is cognitive learning style in relation to memory functions, secondary learning difficulty at an advanced level of attention was found. In the delayed recall phase, medium level ‘free recall’ difficulty was found.What is cognitive learning style his cognitive profile showed that his personal information and orientation, visual-spatial functions and language processes were totally preserved, whereas primary memory processes and abstraction were only partially preserved.What is cognitive learning style in summary, attention and executive dysfunction and free recall difficulty compatible with dysexecutive memory distortion was seen. In the light of these findings, the symptoms were found to be primarily compatible with frontal type disorder.What is cognitive learning style additionally, according to the frontal behavioural inventory [ 10], inattention, disorganisation and loss of insight, were found. The negative behavioural score was measured to be 12.What is cognitive learning style also, due to perseveration, irritability, excessive jocosity, inappropriateness, impulsivity, aggression and hyperorality-hypersexuality, the disinhibition score was 27 and the total score was 39.What is cognitive learning style

In order to eliminate possible reversible dementia causes, complete blood count, biochemistry, vitamin B12, thyroid functions, thyroid autoantibodies, human immunodeficiency virus, treponema pallidum haemaglutination assay and venereal disease research laboratory tests, were applied and no pathology was detected.What is cognitive learning style the patient’s electroencephalography (EEG) showed no anomalies. In quantitative EEG, an increase in the absolute power was found in the left centrotemporal area.What is cognitive learning style brain magnetic resonance imaging showed severe bilateral atrophy in the frontotemporal lobes, relatively sparing the parietal lobes and the hippocampal regions.What is cognitive learning style structural magnetic resonance imaging of saggital, axial and coronal sections obtained from the patient, is shown in figure 1.

The patient was given sertraline, 50 mg/d, to which he showed a favourable response, with a decrease in disinhibited behaviour.What is cognitive learning style however, over several weeks, this effect diminished. Sertraline was increased to 75 mg/d and risperidone 1 mg/d was added to the treatment to improve his aggressive behaviour.What is cognitive learning style the patient showed a favourable response to this treatment regimen.

A diagnosis of FTD in this patient is discussed below in terms of its clinical features, neurocognitive testing and neuroradiological findings.What is cognitive learning style as FTD is a subtype of dementia with changes in personality and behaviour but without any memory disorders, especially in the early period, it might be confused with psychiatric disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder or schizophrenia [ 11].What is cognitive learning style when euphoria, inappropriate jokes, increased self-confidence and irritability are seen, these symptoms may be initially misdiagnosed as hypomanic or manic episodes [ 12].What is cognitive learning style akiskal et al. [ 13] defined a clinical syndrome named as ‘bipolar disorder VI’ emerging in 60- to 70-year-old people with mood symptoms and impairment in cognitive functioning such as attention and memory.What is cognitive learning style however, he also indicated that the mood symptoms were milder than manic episode symptoms [ 13]. It is important to bear in mind that in late-onset psychiatric disorders, some medical conditions, especially neurological diseases, have been reported to develop secondarily [ 14].What is cognitive learning style in our case, the patient had no psychiatric history till the age of 61 years; however, changes in personality and behaviour including socially inappropriate behaviour and increased psychomotor activity were observed; in time, memory disorders followed these symptoms.What is cognitive learning style

• 1. Arvanitakis Z . Update on frontotemporal demantia. Neurologist 2010 jan;16(1):16-22. • 2. Neary D, snowden J, mann D. Frontotemporal dementia.What is cognitive learning style lancet neurol 2005 nov;4(11):771-80. • 3. Sjögren M, andersen C. Frontotemporal dementia–a brief review. Mech ageing dev 2006 feb;127(2):180-7.What is cognitive learning style • 4. Neary D, snowden JS, mann DMA. The clinical pathological correlates of lobar atrophy. Dementia 1993 may–aug;4(3–4):154-9. • 5. Neary D, snowden JS, gustafson L, passant U, stuss D, black S.What is cognitive learning style frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology 1998 dec;51(6):1546-54. • 6. Miller BL, darby AL, swartz JR, yener GG, mena I.What is cognitive learning style dietary changes, compulsions and sexual behaviour in frontotemporal degeneration. Dementia 1995 jul–aug;6(4):195-9. • 7. Onur E, yalinay PD.What is cognitive learning style frontotemporal demans ve psikiyatrik belirtiler. Düşünen adam psikiyatri ve nörolojik bilimler dergisi 2011;24(3):228-8. • 8. Mendez MF, mcmurtray A, chen AK, shapira JS, mishkin F, miller BL.What is cognitive learning style functional neuroimaging and presenting psychiatric features in frontotemporal dementia. J neurol neurosurg psychiatry 2006 jan;77(1):4-7. • 9.What is cognitive learning style mychack P, kramer JH, boone KB, miller BL. The influence of right frontotemporal dysfunction on social behavior in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2001 jun;56(11 supp 4):S11-5.What is cognitive learning style • 10. Kertesz A, davidson W, fox H. Frontal behavioral inventory: diagnostic criteria for frontal lobe dementia. Can J neurol sci 1997 feb;24(1):29-36.What is cognitive learning style • 11. Graham A, hodges JR. Frontotemporal dementia. Psychiatry 2005;4(1):55-8. • 12. Caycedo AM, miller B, kramer J, rascovsky K. Early features in frontotemporal dementia.What is cognitive learning style curr alzheimer res 2009 aug;6(4):337-40. • 13. Akiskal HS, pinto O, lara DR. Bipolarity in the setting of dementia: bipolar type VI?. Medscape prim care 2005;6(2):1-4.What is cognitive learning style • 14. Kızıl özel ET, özdel K, turan ED. Frontotemporal demansa ikincil olarak ortaya çıkan bir mani olgusu. Türk geriatri dergisi 2007;10(4):200-2.What is cognitive learning style