Curcumin’s benefits are so diverse that they affect virtually every organ system in the body. It’s no accident that the national institutes of health has funded numerous studies investigating curcumin, which include diverse applications such as treatment of cystic fibrosis, the feasibility of controlling the autoimmune disease, scleroderma, and various cancer chemoprevention trials.23 meanwhile, pharmaceutical companies around the world are actively working to derive patentable molecules based on curcumin, which they hope to market, at great profit, as anticancer treatments.24

social cognitive learning theory definition

Among other activities, curcumin has demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities.18 it’s even showing great promise in the fight against the most common genetic disorder in caucasians, cystic fibrosis.14 to this list, add powerful anticancer protection, cardiovascular protection, and protection against neurodegenerative disorders, such as alzheimer’s and parkinson’s diseases.8,16,25-29 additionally, curcumin shows promise as a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis,7 and may protect against cataracts30 as well as reverse some of the damage associated with the high blood sugar levels that characterize diabetes.31 curcumin also shows great promise as a treatment for skin disorders such as psoriasis, and in the treatment of wounds.9, 32

social cognitive learning theory definition

The most staid researcher to throw caution to the wind. “curcumin appears to possess all the desirable features of a desk-designed, multipurpose drug,” wrote one research team, recently.33 other investigators focused on promising anticancer activity.Social cognitive learning theory definition “curcumin… has emerged as one of the most powerful chemopreventive and anticancer agents,” wrote indian researchers last year. “its biological effects range from antioxidant [and] anti-inflammatory to inhibition of angiogenesis, and [it] is also shown to possess specific antitumoral activity.”27 although

social cognitive learning theory definition

Writing in cancer letters, american scientists noted recently, “pre-clinical studies in a variety of cancer cell lines including breast, cervical, colon, gastric, hepatic, leukemia, oral epithelial, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate have consistently shown that curcumin possesses anticancer activity in vitro and in pre-clinical animal models.”44 other investigators wrote: “carcinogenesis encompasses three closely associated stages: initiation, progression, and promotion. *curcumin+ has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. [it] has also been shown to be beneficial in all three stages of carcinogenesis.”43

social cognitive learning theory definition

In mid-2007, scientists at the university of alabama at birmingham published a report in the journal cancer research, detailing at least one of perhaps many mechanisms by which curcumin functions as an anticancer agent.Social cognitive learning theory definition the investigators grew prostate cancer cells in the laboratory, and exposed them to varying concentrations of curcumin. The curcumin

Reduced the cells’ production of a protein known as MDM2, which is associated with the formation of malignant tumors.Social cognitive learning theory definition simultaneously, curcumin prompted the cells to produce another protein associated with the promotion of programmed cell death (apoptosis).27 like NF-kb, an inducer of inflammation, MDM2 has been suggested as a novel target for human

social cognitive learning theory definition

To test curcumin’s effects in a live model, the scientists grafted human prostate cancer cells onto special mice, which subsequently developed tumors.Social cognitive learning theory definition the mice were then fed either curcumin or a placebo, five days a week, for four weeks. Afterwards, curcumin-fed mice were further divided into three test groups.Social cognitive learning theory definition one group continued to receive curcumin alone, while another received curcumin plus the cancer chemotherapy drug, gemcitabine. The final group received curcumin plus radiation treatment.Social cognitive learning theory definition

“curcumin inhibited growth of [human-to-mouse prostate cancer grafts] and enhanced the antitumor effects of gemcitabine and radiation. In these tumors, curcumin reduced the expression of MDM2,” wrote the researchers.Social cognitive learning theory definition this suppression, or “down-regulation” of MDM2 expression was declared to be a newly discovered mechanism by which curcumin exerts its anticancer activity.Social cognitive learning theory definition MDM2 down-regulation by curcumin “may be essential for its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects,” the scientists

It’s interesting to note that epidemiological studies show the incidence of prostate cancer among men in india to be among the lowest in the world.Social cognitive learning theory definition one recent study estimated that the annual prostate cancer incidence rate in india ranges from 5.0 to 9.1 per 100,000/year. In contrast, among whites in the united states, the incidence rate is 110.4 per 100,000/year—more than ten times higher compared with men from india.Social cognitive learning theory definition the rate for african americans is even higher.45 perhaps not coincidentally, indian men’s consistent intake of turmeric, in the form or curry, is among the highest in the world.Social cognitive learning theory definition the average intake of turmeric in the indian population is 2-2.5 g/day, providing 60-200 mg curcumin.

Curcumin has also been shown to enhance the efficacy of the chemotherapy agent, gemcitabine, in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.Social cognitive learning theory definition although it is currently the best treatment for this aggressive cancer, gemcitabine often loses its effectiveness as cancer cells develop resistance to the drug.Social cognitive learning theory definition scientists from the university of texas M.D. Anderson cancer center showed recently that curcumin prevents the development of this resistance, in both cultured pancreatic cancer cells and in living animal models of the disease.Social cognitive learning theory definition “overall, our results suggest that curcumin potentiates the antitumor effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer by suppressing proliferation, angiogenesis, NF-kb, and NF-kb-regulated gene products,” concluded the scientists.46

social cognitive learning theory definition

Curcumin’s efficacy against colon cancer has received great attention, primarily because curcumin’s bioavailability has been less of an issue, given that the colon is exposed to curcumin as it passes through the digestive tract.17 its excellent tolerability and safety have been demonstrated in five phase I clinical trials in colon cancer, and phase II trials are currently enrolling patients.44 british investigators showed recently that curcumin interferes with the proliferation of various types of colon cancer, and that it enhances the efficacy of an existing chemotherapeutic agent, oxaliplatin.47

social cognitive learning theory definition

Curcumin’s potential role in the fight against breast cancer is nothing short of remarkable. Italian researchers reported recently that curcumin is effective against a common variety of breast cancer cells and a mutant line of cells that has developed resistance to common chemotherapy drugs.Social cognitive learning theory definition “through analyses of the effects on cell proliferation, cycling and death, we have observed that the antitumor activity of curcumin… is at least equal in the *multi-drug-resistant breast cancer] cell line compared to the *ordinary breast cancer cell line+,” wrote researchers.48 this efficacy also held true for a type of multi-drug-resistant leukemia cell.Social cognitive learning theory definition

The italians’ research indicates that curcumin seems capable of adapting its anticancer activity according to need. “remarkably,” wrote the scientists, “*curcumin and one of its derivatives+ appeared to modify their molecular effects according to the diverse gene expression patterns existing in the [multidrug-resistant and ordinary breast cancer cell line].Social cognitive learning theory definition clearly, the structure and properties of curcumin can form the basis for the development of antitumor compounds…”48

Among curcumin’s many benefits, protection from neurological damage ranks high on many researchers’ lists.Social cognitive learning theory definition “curcumin has at least 10 known neuroprotective actions and many of these might be realized in [living subjects]…” wrote american scientists recently, in advances in experimental medicine and biology.Social cognitive learning theory definition “dietary curcumin is a strong candidate,” they added, “for use in the prevention or treatment of major disabling age-related neurodegenerative diseases like alzheimer’s, parkinson’s, and stroke.”16

social cognitive learning theory definition

These scientists are not alone in their assessment of curcumin’s potential for protection against dreaded diseases such as alzheimer’s. Numerous researchers are investigating curcumin’s protective activities in the brain.Social cognitive learning theory definition for example, chinese scientists reported in early 2007 that curcumin protects the brains of laboratory animals from a type of injury that often follows stroke.Social cognitive learning theory definition known as ischemia/reperfusion injury, this damage to brain tissue is believed to occur due to stroke-related deficits in the blood-brain barrier.Social cognitive learning theory definition A single injection of curcumin dramatically reduced ischemia-reperfusion damage, neurological deficits, and death, among animals with experimentally induced stroke.49

social cognitive learning theory definition

As another example, south african investigators wondered if curcumin could protect rats’ brains from lead poisoning.One way lead damages brain tissue is by inducing lipid peroxidation.50 brain tissue is largely composed of lipids, so it’s especially vulnerable to this type of damage.Social cognitive learning theory definition by adding curcumin to test animals’ diets, lead toxicity was significantly reduced, possibly by raising concentrations of the antioxidant glutathione.51 previously, indian researchers reported that curcumin raised concentrations of glutathione and two potent antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in the brains of lead-poisoned rats, significantly attenuating lead-induced damage.52

social cognitive learning theory definition

Furthermore, scientists have reported that curcumin protects brain tissue against oxidative stress by promoting production of a protective enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).Social cognitive learning theory definition “in the *central nervous system+,” wrote the researchers, “HO-1 has been reported to operate as a fundamental defensive mechanism for neurons exposed to an oxidant challenge.”54 traumatic injury to the brain also results in oxidative stress, often affecting cognition and “synaptic plasticity,” which is believed to play a crucial role in healthy learning and memory.Social cognitive learning theory definition in animal experiments, US researchers showed, “supplementation of curcumin in the diet dramatically reduced oxidative damage and… counteracted the cognitive impairment caused by *traumatic brain injury+.”55

social cognitive learning theory definition

Even in the absence of injury or toxicity, loss of cognitive function is a hallmark of aging. Memory loss is believed to begin by age 50, and, by age 80, it’s predicted that nearly half of all individuals will advance to some form of dementia.56 wondering if curcumin might protect aging brains from cognitive decline, asian scientists conducted an epidemiological study of curry consumption and cognitive function among the elderly.Social cognitive learning theory definition they found that men and women who consumed turmeric-laced curry “occasionally,” “often,” or “very often,” had significantly better scores on a standardized test of mental status than subjects who “never or rarely” consumed curry.Social cognitive learning theory definition the investigators described these findings as “tentative evidence of better cognitive performance from curry consumption in nondemented elderly asians…”25

social cognitive learning theory definition

Curcumin may offer protection against the most common cause of dementia: alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of a malformed protein, amyloid-beta.Social cognitive learning theory definition ordinarily, immune cells known as macrophages identify these defective proteins, engulf them, and destroy them. But for reasons that are not entirely clear, macrophages fail to perform this crucial function in alzheimer’s disease.57 using animal models of alzheimer’s, scientists have shown that curcumin can enhance clearance of amyloid-beta, while reducing fibrils, which are also associated with alzheimer’s pathology.Social cognitive learning theory definition curcumin’s ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and directly bind to plaques may be important in its anti-amyloid activity.58

Los angeles-based researchers tested the anti-amyloid activity of human macrophages taken from alzheimer’s disease patients.Social cognitive learning theory definition after incubation with curcumin in the laboratory, uptake of amyloid-beta by macrophages from half of the patients significantly increased. The researchers concluded that this modification of the innate immune system by curcumin, “might be a safe approach to immune clearance of [abnormal amyloid-beta accumulation+ in alzheimer’s disease brain.”59 these data appear to indicate that curcumin is protective against the development of alzheimer’s disease, and that it may even help reverse the disease process, once begun.Social cognitive learning theory definition

Given that turmeric is a food that has been safely consumed for millennia, curcumin would appear to be the perfect dietary supplement.3 in fact, “curcumin has an outstanding safety profile and a number of *multifunctional+ actions…” wrote US researchers recently.16 phase I clinical trials, using massive doses of curcumin (up to 8 g/day for four months) in human volunteers, “did not result in discernible toxicities…”17

social cognitive learning theory definition

Of course, not everyone finds curry palatable, especially on a routine basis. But virtually anyone can swallow a simple daily supplement. Most commercial products provide 300-500 mg per pill, standardized to 95% curcumin.Social cognitive learning theory definition reported adverse reactions have been limited to mild gastrointestinal distress, which may be minimized by consuming curcumin with food.60