Three years ago—during and immediately after the presidential campaign—we documented a surge of incidents involving racial slurs and symbols, bigotry and the harassment of minority children in the nation’s schools.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education we called this phenomenon the “ trump effect,” because it appeared that children were emulating the racist, xenophobic and coarse language donald trump was using on the campaign trail.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education

Indeed, teachers told us in two informal surveys that in many cases trump’s name was invoked, or his words parroted, by children who were harassing others based on their race, ethnicity, religion or sexual orientation.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education they noted a disturbing uptick in incidents involving swastikas, derogatory language, nazi salutes and confederate flags. Teachers reported that children of color were worried for the safety of themselves and their families.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education

In recent months, several such stories have caught the attention of audiences nationwide. In baraboo, wisconsin, dozens of male high school students, almost all white, were seen giving a nazi salute in a prom photo.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education in idaho, elementary school staff dressed up as mexicans and trump’s wall on halloween. At an elite private school in new york city, a video went viral showing two sixth-grade girls wearing blackface and swinging their arms around like apes.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education there have been numerous stories about african-american or latinx athletes being taunted by white students.

School leaders are responsible for nurturing and maintaining a healthy school climate.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education best practices in countering hate and bias call for a range of actions to investigate, communicate, repair harm and restore the social fabric of the school.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education we asked educators about the actions their school leaders took to address incidents on their campuses: communicating with families; issuing public statements; providing professional development for school staff; investigating beyond the one act; supporting marginalized students; organizing pro-social activities; disciplining the offenders; denouncing the act; and reaffirming school values.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education the most common response was discipline, and even then, the vast majority of incidents resulted in no discipline at all.

To be clear, not every school is affected.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education about one-third of the teachers responding to our questionnaire witnessed no incidents in the first four months of the current school year. Many cited a positive school climate and lauded school leaders who work every day to create welcoming environments where hate and bias cannot thrive.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education negative trends in school climate

In 2016, teaching tolerance brought public attention to the school climate crisis in two reports, the trump effect and after election day: the trump effect.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education based on surveys of thousands of educators during the campaign and immediately after the election, the reports revealed a wave of political and identity-based harassment in schools, where students across the nation were emboldened to bully and target classmates.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education

Educators detailed heightened anxiety among students from immigrant families and an uptick in verbal harassment and derogatory language based on race, religion and ethnicity.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education ninety percent of the educators said that the campaign and election had negatively affected the climate at their schools. More than half of elementary teachers and one-third of high school teachers were reluctant to teach about the election or current issues because of the climate.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education most believed the negative climate would be long-lasting.

In january 2019, scholars from the university of virginia and the university of missouri published a study in the peer-reviewed educational researcher comparing virginia school climate survey results with 2016 election results and found an increase in middle school bullying in districts “favoring the republican candidate.” how bias at school affects students

cognitive learning theory in nursing education

We’ve long known that discrimination has measurable, adverse effects on the health of those who are targeted. Researchers first connected racism to hypertension in african-american subjects in the 1990s.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education and there’s no shortage of studies on the effects of discrimination on young people’s health in the years since. We know that when students are targeted for their sexual orientation, gender identity, immigration status, race, ethnicity, or other identities, their mental and physical health suffer.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education these students are more likely to report symptoms of stress, depression, ADHD, risk-taking activities, school avoidance and more. Recent research suggests that racial-ethnic discrimination can cause behavioral problems for children as young as seven.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education

These effects vary based on whether the bias comes from school personnel, peers or others. Students bullied by peers deal with both physical and emotional fallout that can follow them throughout their lives.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education studies show the damage is compounded when the bullying is based on one of their identities. And when students are targeted for more than one of their identities (e.G., race and disability), they are even more likely to report negative effects.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education

Discrimination and biases from educators also have long-lasting effects. “children who experience discrimination from their teachers are more likely to have negative attitudes about school and lower academic motivation and performance and are at increased risk of dropping out of high school,” reports the migration policy institute.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education “in fact, experiences of teacher discrimination shape children’s attitudes about their academic abilities above and beyond their past academic performance.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education even when controlling for their actual performance, children who experience discrimination from teachers feel worse about their academic abilities and are less likely to feel they belong at school, when compared to students who do not experience discrimination.”

cognitive learning theory in nursing education

But the harm of a toxic school culture, where students are singled out for hate and bias based on their identity, isn’t limited to students who are targeted.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education the authors of a 2018 study published in JAMA pediatrics surveyed just over 2,500 los angeles students and asked them to report their concerns about “increasing hostility and discrimination of people because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation/identity, immigrant status, religion or disability status in society.” they found that the more concern or stress students reported feeling, the more likely they were to also report symptoms of depression and ADHD, along with drug, tobacco or alcohol use.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education unfortunately, it appears student anxiety may be rising: in 2016, about 30 percent of surveyed students reported feeling “very or extremely worried” about hate and bias.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education by 2017, that figure had jumped to nearly 35 percent.

Racial bias—of all sorts—is the most common driver of incidents, making up 33 percent of the number reported by educators and 63 percent of those reported in the news media.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education black students are the ones targeted in an overwhelming percentage of these incidents, though asian students are also singled out. Teachers also reported a handful of incidents involving name-calling directed at white people.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education racist incidents, often involving slurs, also dominate the news reports. One teacher at a washington high school described the use of the n-word as “constant.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education everywhere. All the time.” educators also reported hearing racist, stereotypical tropes referring to black students, such as “darkie,” “cotton picker,” “ape,” “slave” and “monkey.”

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Some statements, especially from younger children, may be explained as ignorant repetitions of bias and stereotypes they’re hearing at home. But a significant number of incidents reported by both educators and the news media include deeply disturbing displays of racial animus and white nationalism.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education in 2018, media outlets reported 25 cases that referenced the ku klux klan and 19 accounts involving nooses in U.S. Schools.

Administrators appear to be sensitive to racist incidents and, compared to other episodes of hate and bias, more likely to take them seriously.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education these episodes are also more likely to result in disciplinary action. According to educators, in 59 percent of racial incidents they saw, someone was disciplined.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education and administrators are more likely to communicate with families, staff and students when race is involved; in 35 percent of cases reported by educators, school leaders denounced the act and reaffirmed the school’s values.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education in 25 percent of the incidents, school leaders provided support of some kind to targeted groups. Sexual orientation and gender identity

Although we found a small number of incidents directed toward cisgender girls—including a fair amount of sexual innuendo—the overwhelming majority of incidents in this category targeted people who identify outside of cisgender or heterosexual identities.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education this form of harassment and bias starts in elementary school and ratchets up in middle and high school.

Antisemitism often came in the form of slurs or hate symbols; 68 percent of incidents reported in the news included swastikas.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education in our survey, we were told of swastikas scratched into bathroom tiles, carved into desks, painted on parking lots, burned into football fields and inked on skin.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education several schools saw photos posted of students aligned in a swastika formation. And educators from two schools—one in mississippi and one in new jersey—reported that graduating seniors drew swastikas in the yearbooks of jewish classmates.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education

Anti-muslim incidents numbered the fewest among the five categories reported by educators (6 percent) and those reported in the news. Altogether, we identified more than 200 anti-muslim hate and bias incidents.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education the vast majority of these—almost 88 percent—came from educators, not news reports. Teachers reported hearing muslim students—or those perceived as muslim—called names such as “terrorist,” “bomber,” “osama” or “ISIS.” one educator told us of classmates pressuring a student to translate the phrase “death of america” into arabic.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education another told us of a student who complained that a poster illustrating a young woman in a hijab in front of an american flag was “offensive to him.”

cognitive learning theory in nursing education

Polarization manifests not only across a range of issues but also around the president himself, as students divide themselves into pro- and anti-trump teams.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education an educator in georgia, for example, told us that students “as young as kindergarten” are saying, “yay trump” or “trump sucks.” an elementary school teacher in nebraska told us, “students have used the name trump to taunt others.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education at times it is telling kids that trump is going to send them home. Other times students have called other kids ‘trump’ as a put-down.” an elementary teacher in arizona told us that “students have come to me crying during recess because someone else was bullying them (‘they said I like trump, but I don’t’).”

cognitive learning theory in nursing education

Insults like these, educators report, stymie civil classroom discussions of controversial issues and embolden students to demonize their opponents.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education political polarization and hair-trigger responses aren’t just happening in social studies classes where students should be discussing current events and politics; they also erupt in english, math, science and during counseling sessions.Cognitive learning theory in nursing education